Text Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Text - Essay Example Four Stages of Development There are four stages involved in the development of tourism. They four stages of development majorly rely on advocacy, cautionary, adaptancy and knowledge. The four stages focus around the basis of changes that has occurred and are still occurring in the filed of tourism and the education of tourism as a subject. The stages were closely related as elements of each stage were found in the other stages thus their core role was to build on the principles found within each other (Airey, 2008). The Industrial stage This stage took place between the 1960s and 1970s. The stage was known to be professional but the knowledge which was possessed regarding the field was limited. This was because they did not have sufficient evidences to support the different educational theories that scholars were coming with. The stage was aimed at addressing the various issues that were being experienced in the tourism field as scholars had discovered that it was highly needed in t he development of the economy and also reserve different animal and plant species that were in the verge of being extinct. The stage also empowered students with the knowledge needed towards the development of their career and also equipped individuals tasked with the mandate of taking of the different tourism sectors with skills and expertise needed to carry out their task efficiently. Moreover, the stage also concentrated in providing information that was needed in the development of the different tourism programmes that would be offered by the scholars at different levels for individuals who were interested in pursuing the field as a career (Airey, 2008). The fragmented stage The stage was between 1980s and 1990s and it widely focused in harmonizing the curriculum that had been created in the industrial stage with the industry and learner needs which were growing rapidly during the century. It was majorly influenced by the development of new knowledge in the industry therefore cr eating a need to incorporate new programmes and information into the curriculum. Before its introduction, there were conflicts between the liberals of the subject and those who favored wanted a liberal approach in the tourism sector. Therefore, the need to create a new curriculum that would address and harmonize the issues of all the major players in the industry arose and was addressed by the fragmented stage (Airey, 2008). The Benchmark Stage According to Airey 2008, this was a stage where all the issues highlighted by the fragmented stage were addressed after consultations with the different key players and scholars in the industry. The new curriculum was approved by the quality assurance agency for higher education. However, despite the credibility of the new statement being proven, there were still questions regarding tourism as a course by different critics in the industry. The stage addressed various issues affecting the industry and offered various solutions that could be us ed in addressing the issues. Key among them was the ethical issue in tourism which advocated for a sustainable tourism in all major corners of the globe. In addition, business and management was introduced and stressed upon in the field during the stage as the filed was widely being accepted and incorporated into the systems by nations around the world thus there arose a need to manage the industry effectively. The Mature Stage It was a

Race-Specific Schools in Ontario Essay Example for Free

Race-Specific Schools in Ontario Essay Throughout the years Ontario has become a very multicultural province, meaning all schools are multicultural. Recently the government of Ontario has thought about the idea of having schools that are race-specific. These schools would only be open for a specific race and base it on the abilities of that race. Could a school like this work in our multicultural society? There are many people today that would not agree with this decision for many reasons. Society believes that these schools will not prepare students for the real world; they are an old-fashion idea. The Canadian dream is to be multi-cultural but an inclusive place. This idea of race based schools is looked down upon in this society. People think that making schools for specific races will not prepare students when they enter the real world after finishing high school. Going to race-specific school students will only be taught about the culture, and history of their own country. Also, they will be taught about the history of their race in Canada, and what their people have done that has impacted our history. This is not right because they need to learn about what every race did that impacted our history. Since we are now living in a multicultural county. Zanana Akande, an Ontario Legislature speaks on black focussed schools and says The situation in which we live, work and raise our kids is not a segregated one, it is an integrated one. When these students finish high school they will be so use to dealing with people of their own kind, it will be difficult for them to interact with others. Therefore these schools will not prepare them for the future in for university/collage and in the workplace. In all these institutions people are of all races, and cultures, so they need to learn how to treat, and speak to these people. The idea of having race-specific schools is archaic. In a modern multi-cultural society this would be moving a step in the opposite direction. Ontario is trying to move up culturally, but this would just move the province back. In many institutions they have programs that speak against racism, and try to prove that everyone is equal, and is able bodied to intake the same amount of knowledge and information. Making these schools would bring back the racism into our country, and go against all these racism acts. This would bring us back into time, where racism was part of the norm. Students should be learning in an environment where they are surrounded by people of different race. Dalton Mcguinty speaks on black focused schools and says I think our shared responsibility is to look for ways to bring people together. (Toronto star). We should not be moving backwards, but rather move forward to a better system and society.

The Iliad of Homer :: essays research papers

Emotions in the Iliad, Emotions today The 'Iliad'; by Homer is a book that deals with many emotional issues. I am going to talk about a few emotional parts of the Iliad and compare them to the emotional life of today. I have chosen a section of the book and will talk about the emotions that come up there. The section that I have chosen to talk about is in book 18 when Achilles is very angry and very sad about Patroclus death. After that he wants revenge by killing hector.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First off, Achilles talks about how sad he is about the death of Patroclus. Achilles groaned and answered, 'Mother, Olympian Zeus has indeed vouchsafed me the fulfillment of my prayer, but what pleasure is it to me, seeing that my dear comrade Patroclus has fallen—he whom I valued more than all others, and loved as dearly as my own life? Here, Achilles talks about how much he loved Patroclus almost more than he loved himself. By what he is saying there, you can see that he is very sad, but that he will not just sit there, that something needs to be done. I think that in modern time, emotions haven't really changed. They are something that everyone has and I don't really think that they change from time to time. I still think that people still care about each other very much. Love is still very felt today. It I felt in the same way it always was. I think that when one that was close to you dies, you will have some sort of devastation. I think that one could be as devastated as Achilles was when Patroclus died, but I would think that it would be very rare. I would say that love is just as common today as it was back in that time. After that part, Achilles shows vengeance when he talks about how he wants to kill Hector. 'I will not live nor go about mankind unless Hector fall by my spear, and thus pay me for having slain Patroclus, son of Mencetius.'; There he is talking about how mad he is that Hector killed Patroclus. He is so mad that he wants to kill Hector for it. You see that it is a crazy plan because even his own mother says that he will die if he ends up succeeding with his plan. 'Thetis wept and answered, Then my son, is your end near at hand—for your own death awaits you full soon after that of Hector.

Myths And Reality Of Crime Essay

In this paper, I will be providing a prediction of how strangers will describe a criminal and whether those descriptions would be likely to focus on street criminals, corporate, white-collar, or state crime. An insight of how society defines crimes and how decides what to define as a crime will also be provided. A statement about a particular crime will be presented and used in order to illustrate how we as a society know that it is an accurate statement. At last, an example of a widely held myth or misconception about crime and society will be provided explaining how society determines that it is a myth and why is so difficult to abandon that myth. It is clear that as a society we have the misconception that a criminal is a person that comes from a very poor area, lack of resources, and does not have an education. As a society we tend to focus on street criminals rather than other types of crimes that we barely hear about because they are not presented or shown on the news as much as street crimes are. I am sure that if I would have to ask or interview one hundred strangers to describe a criminal, many of them would say that a criminal is a person that breaks or does not want to follow the law. A person that steals because that is the only way they can provide for their families, a person that has mental issues that affect his/her stability to be able to have a normal life without breaking the law, can be also described as a criminal. I would say society has described crime as one of the most serious problem that our community faces due to the different behaviors people have adapted that violate values and norms. As society would say crime is a system that is put in place in order to protect the human rights of others; crime is an act of breaking and violating the law, or a behavior that offends or harm a  community or the ones around it. As the Former President Richard Nixon said in several occasions â€Å"crime is our number-one enemy and we must declare war against it† (Zastrow, 2010) but it can never be that way because we never know when we are going to be involved in some type of crime just like president Nixon was, when he faced criminal charges in connection with the Watergate affair. There are many different types of crimes that had helped society create and understand the definition of it but I think, society tends to â€Å"think that crime is a well-defined phenomenon and to have stereotyped v iews about who criminals are† (Zastrow, 2010). Most of the times, we believe that criminals are only those who are not able to have a decent job, those who does not have an education, those with lack of resources that in order to provide for their families the only way to do it is by committing a crime, and many times we tend to stereotype that generally only people of a certain race and color are the ones that commit crimes, when actually, â€Å"criminal offenses and the characteristics of lawbreakers are almost as varied as noncriminal offenses and law abiders† (Zastrow, 2010). As an example of a particular crime we have â€Å"theft† which refers to â€Å"illegally taking someone’s property without the person’s consent† (Zastrow, 2010). As a society we know this is an accurate statement because as many of us were growing up, our parents always taught us to not to take or touch things that do not belong to us otherwise we would go to jail or we will have consequences since we were committing a crime because we were violating someone else’s property and space. But as we all know this type of offense is not only about taking some else’s property, these types of offenses â€Å"range from pickpocketing and burglary to sophisticated multimillion-dollar swindles (Zastrow, 2010). Misconceptions about crime make society believe certain things that are not true most of the times. And knowing that is not true, we tend to hold this myth and misconception because that is what we heard as were growing up and learning about different types of crimes. As an example of a misconception or myth that we usually believe is true is that, â€Å"Most sexual assaults are committed by strangers† (CSOM, 2012), why do we believe this? Because we would never relate or think that our families or friends would commit a crime such as sexual assault to one of our loved ones. But the truth is that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"most sexual assaults are committed by someone known to the victim or the victim’s family, regardless of whether the victim is a child or an adult† (CSOM, 2012). According to the Center for Sex Offender Management, statistics indicate that the majority of women who have been raped know their assailant. The CSOM also states that relatives, friends, baby-sitters, persons in positions of authority over the child, or persons who supervise children are more likely than strangers to commit sexual assault. It is clear that myths like this one, makes us believe that only strangers have the power to hurt us and our families when the truth is that many times we have the enemy living under the same roof. It is sad but true, nowadays as parents and adults we have to very cautions and aware of the people around us because we never know when someone is going to harm our family and loved ones. I believe this is a myth that is very difficult to abandon because as I have stated before we do not believe that our family or friends, the people we trust are going to hurt us. We have always learned to be aware and be careful of strangers because they are dangerous person that only want to harm us and that is what teach our children too. I think we have to educate ourselves a little more in order to be able to abandon this myth and be able to teach our children the importance of speaking up when someone is trying to touch or hurt them even when is someone we know. In conclusion, as we know crime is one of the most serious problems that we face as a nation and the misconception we have as a society makes us believe that only certain type of people are the ones that commit crimes. When reality is that there are different types of crimes such as organized crimes, gambling, drug trafficking, loan sharking, white-collar crime, computer crime, hare crime, and many more. The misconceptions we have about crime create myths which makes it hard for other to believe that there are many other types of crimes and that anyone is capable of committing a crime or violate laws. References: Center for Sex Offender Management. (CSOM). (2012). Myths and Facts About Sex Offenders. Retrieved from: http://www.csom.org/pubs/mythsfacts.html Collica, K., & Furst, G. (2012). Crime and Society. San Diego, CA: Bridgeport Education, Inc. Short Cuts TV (Producer). (2010). Crimes of the Powerful [Video]. In Crime and Deviance: A Sociological Inquiry. Retrieved from http://digital.films.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx? Zastrow, Charles. (2010). Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare. Empowering People. Tenth Edition.

Macbeth Monologue

Monologue The witches were telling the truth. I was shocked when they said I was the thane of Cawdor I thought it was just lies. But now Angus and Ross told me officially that I am the thane of Cawdor. Wow this is a huge honor, a new title the thane of Glamis and Cowder. But what did he do? That’s right he is a traitor. But why have I taken his position? What have I done to disserve this title? Indeed I fought in the battle but so did countless others.What sets me apart from those courageous souls fighting alongside me? Witches actually exist? Magic is around us? If they are truly all powerful, perhaps they deserve this title more than I do. But they are ugly I have to say honestly. Is it weird that they knew who I am? That’s right they are witches after all. One of them did say something which I think I heard wrong, she said al â€Å"all hail Macbeth-that shalt be king hereafter† but what will the king do wrong, he is the king after all, a noble king.I’m sure they are mistaken; he is a wonderful ruler and a great role model. Aha! They must not be witches, I am not of royal descent, so I am not able to claim the Kings thrown. Here’s my guess, they were lucky, or perhaps they are not supernatural but supernaturally smart. So foul and fair a day I have not seen. I refuse to believe what they say because they are just imperfect speakers. By sinels death I know I am thane of Glamous and know thane of Cowdor

A Raisin in the Sun Research Paper Example

A Raisin in the Sun Research Paper Example A Raisin in the Sun Paper A Raisin in the Sun Paper Essay Topic: A Raisin in the Sun A Raisin in the sun by Lorraine Handlebars thematically represents the life of the Younger family, the conflict of their dreams and their struggle to attain these dreams either for selfishness of the individual or because of family differences. Hughes symbolically represents the Idea of dreams deferred In her poem and such Is a direct resemblance to the different dreams of the characters, Mama, Beneath, Walter Lee and Ruth and the effect that their dreams begin to have on the family and them as individuals. For the Younger family bread is not enough and with the conflict rounding their different dreams the family begins to crumble, pushing them close to the edge. This essay therefore sets out to discuss the individual dreams that each of them aspires to and how their actions to attain their dreams or lack of impact their life as a family and as individuals. Mr. Younger (Big Walter) was the bread winner, the back bone of the family and the inspiration from which the Younger families dreams stemmed, however through his passing his dream of creating a home, to give them something more than he had becomes nothing but a lifeless dream for the Younger. HIS dream to them becomes A raisin In the sun, a dried up dream, especially since the dream was deferred for such a long time and so the Younger now feel that there Is no longer a need to carry on with this deferred dream, everyone except Mama. Their desire to aspire to their dreams further stems from their poor, necessitous background. The Younger despite being segregated from the white community as it was in the sass appear to share the same dreams as the white communities. This dream was largely centered with having lots of money and materials things, big house, money and a close knit family. The Younger however struggle to come close to this so called American Dream as it was called. Their struggles through daily hardships constantly prevent them from accomplishing their dreams, which all seem to be deferred at one point. The play begins with a hard and faded outlook on the Younger family life. Through the conversations and description of the house, the reader becomes aware that the family Is unhappy with their current living situation and their life In general however with the promise of a cheese they are meant to Inherit from the deceased Mr. Younger, one may think that things may cake a turn for them. The Younger are anticipative each in their own right of what this cheese might bring for them as individuals or as a family: each family member has their own aspiration of what they will do with the money. Mama who is the head of the house wants to buy a house, this is a dream she wants fulfill which she shared with her husband. This dream is fueled by creating a better life for her family and giving them the things she always dreamed she could. It is the dream that Big Walter was never able to fulfill. Beneath dream is more self- serving she hopes to use the none to pay for her medical school tuition. Walter Lee believes that by investing the money into a liquor store it would give him the wealth he so desires and more importantly help solve their families financial burden for good and give his son Travis the life he wishes for him. Lastly Ruth (Walters wife) tends to side with Mama and believes that by bulling a house not only will It help the family but also her son I ravels Ana Turner create a netter Tie Ana opportunity Tort Arrivals. Walters cream AT investing the money into a liquor store and owning his own business takes over. Because Walters dream has been deferred and a struggle for so long he immediately sees the inheritance as the perfect opportunity to aspire to his dreams, however his immense hunger for this takes control and not only do his aspirations run all over but it begins to dwell on and ruin the rest of the families dreams and impeded Beneath dreams as well. Walter becomes so blinded by this intense need that he is not aware of his actions and the consequences thereof, his anger and frustration is felt by the whole family. So now its life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom seed to be life?now its money. I guess the world really do change .. ., these are the words spoken by Mama, however Walter response of saying No?it was always money, Mama. We Just didnt know about it, clearly draws attention to Walters need and desire for money and one starts to see through his actions and words that Walter is the character most concerned with making his dreams known. Mamas dream for Walter to not only becomes the man of the house but to buy a new house and lead the family is precisely that, Mamas dream! Walter defers both his fathers reams and his Mothers wishes for her family and when his selfish needs and agonizing pride take over Walters friend runs off with part of the money that Mama gave to Walter. Walters wounded pride on losing his business causes unbearable pain on his Mother especially since Walters actions are impacting on Beneath future plans and continually questions Beneath with who told you that you needed to be a doctor anyways Through all of this his frustrations blind him from seeing the consequences of actions. Walters materialistic view on the world further displays to is son Travis your daddys goanna make a Business transaction thats going to change our lives. You Just name it, son And I hand you the world! These words along with the words spoken to reiterates the selfishness of Walter and how his dream is based largely around money. Mama dreams of the day she can give her family the life they deserve and she deems the only way she can do this is by buying the dream house that her and her husband wished for. However as quick as Walter is to defer the dreams of his deceased father he is for his Mothers dreams. Walter becomes angry and annoyed when he learns that Mama put a deposit on a house, again Walters ego takes over and his words to Mama become harsh and striking, Walters feels his mom has Butchered up a dream of his. (2. 1 . 95) Mama feels that her hopes to do what she could with what she had have been dashed. But before one goes further, Mama once more regains a sense of optimism when her family showers her with gifts, the feeling of her family dreams can be achieved no matter what comes to her. She truly believes in that moment that it will happen but that is before she learns that Walter as lost all the money and there once more Mamas dreams are deferred. When Ruth learns of her pregnancy she is too scared at first to approach Walter, her first thought is abortion, not because she does not want the baby but because she wants what is best for them. Ruth desperately struggles to keep her family together; it is because of Walters extreme restlessness to attain his dreams that Ruth fears the future of her family. Walter is incredibly dissatisfied with his life, and hes taking it out on everybody around him. Poor Ruth feels the brunt of her husbands Napless. Seen seems to De tartar AT want wall napped Detente teem I T Walter doesnt get the chance to attain his dream. Ruts aspirations to give her family a better life are over shadowed and deferred because of Walters dreams for success of his business. Ruth however shows a sense of hope when Mama announces that she has put a down payment on a house. Ruth is elated to hear this news because she too dreams of more clean-living home house where Travis can grow up. However Ruth is quickly put down in her hopes when Walter who feels betrayed will not agree tit her on her dreams. Both Ruth and Walter feel trapped in their lives and although they do share a special love for one another both share a feeling of entrapment an intrepid need to escape their Jobs, their home and their life- style. However through all the trials and tribulations they are faced with their dreams become deferred at every turn. Beneath appears to take the biggest back seat when it comes to her dreams. Mama having trusted Walter to invest half the money into Beneath tuition and the other half into his business venture betrays both Mama and Beneath and uses it all for his own gain. Walter is driven by his sense of jealousy for Beneath and the idea that she seems to be making something of herself and pursuing her independence annoys him. His constant question of Why do you have to be a doctor anyway makes this very visible. Though Walter ruins the dreams of his mother, Ruth, Beneath and ultimately his own a light of hope and peace begins to show itself towards the end of the play. When Walter truly realizes what he has done, he truly feels responsible for dashing his family dreams but he redeems myself when we stands up to Mr.. Liner. Walter quickly realizes what he and his family have had all along despite their deferred dreams. Walter finally sees that it was his fathers dream that was truly the most important and they were all working towards it in their own ways. Walter intends to make this dream of his fathers come alive Thus in conclusion this essay has critically discussed the individual dreams that the characters have and how their actions to attain their dream, or lack thereof impacted their life as a family and as individuals.

Steve Wozniak essays

Steve Wozniak essays At first I had began brainstorming trying to think of a subject for this paper. I had heard Mr. Perry speak of Apple computer and of Steve jobs. His rise to power and his fall from grace then his rebirth, like the phoenix from in myths and legends rising from his own ashes. However I didnt know much about the subject. So I decided on the subject of Apple computers. Then the more I researched I found a more interesting subject. In the next few pages I am going to attempt to do justice of the accomplishments of Steve Wozniak. No not the other Steve, I found Steve Wozniak a more interesting person simply because I had never heard of the man. I never new he existed. Being of lesser knowledge than most on the subject of computers I found it fascinating. The way Steve Wozniak did things. Steve Wozniak was born in 1950. A baby boomer he grew up in suburban Santa Clara Valley, California with his parents and siblings. His father was an engineer for Lockheed and his mother was the president of a Republican Womens Club. He was into electronics heavily even as a child and young teenager. While looking at a magazine article he spotted a diagram for a simple calculator called the One-Bit-Adder-Subtractor. Woz, as his friends called him, dissected the plans and made improvements. In Cupertino Science Fair he took home first prize with the Ten Bit Parallel Adder Subtractor. It was his first attempt at building a computer. This would be the beginning of a great learning era it would seem. In junior high he had already taught himself how to design programs in computer languages. At homestead high school he absorbed everything he could about electronics and physics. He fare outreached his counter parts in class. After he graduated he went on to the University of Colorado but flunked out. You see he was bored with school because he was so intelligent. At least that is what he tells everyone. Returning to Ca...

The Only Place

The Only Place The Only Place The Only Place By Mark Nichol In spoken English, even the most careful speaker may casually misplace the modifier only in a sentence, as in â€Å"The meeting will only be held if the ordinance passes.† The intended meaning here is that whether the ordinance passes determines whether the meeting is to be held. Literally, however, the sentence indicates that the holding is the only action that will pertain to the meeting if the ordinance passes. (The meeting will not be recorded or reported on, for example, but if the ordinance fails, perhaps these and other things will occur in relation to the meeting.) As the parenthesized sentence before this one demonstrates, the meaning is changed depending the positioning of only: In the original sentence, the meeting is not conditional on the passage of the ordinance, though that is exactly what the speaker or writer means. Therefore, to accurately convey the meaning of the sentence, the word only should appear immediately after the word, phrase, or clause it modifies. Because a speaker can provide stress to the sentence, a listener is unlikely to misunderstand it, but a writer has no such advantage. Ambiguity is not inevitable when misplacing the modifier in written expression, but the careful writer makes the effort to produce a sentence that is syntactically sound. Here is another sentence best expressed with only positioned correctly: â€Å"Are we certain that participants only reside in those neighborhoods?† The significant point appears to be that the participants reside in those places but do not have any other connection to them. The intended meaning, however, is that the â€Å"we† are uncertain whether the participants live only in the specified locations and not in other places. This meaning is best conveyed by writing, â€Å"Are we certain participants reside only in those neighborhoods?† Note the difference in meaning when inserting the modifier only in various positions in the sentence â€Å"Smith said he could only confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody.† 1. Only Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (No one else made the claim that Smith could confirm the information.) 2. Smith only said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith didn’t say anything else.) 3. Smith said only he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (According to Smith, he is the only one who could confirm the information.) 4. Smith said he only could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith could not do anything else but potentially confirm the information.) 5. Smith said he could only confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith could confirm the information but do nothing else about or to it.) 6. Smith said he could confirm only that nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith could confirm nothing else but the information he provided.) 7. Smith said he could confirm that only nine demonstrators were taken into custody. (Smith was able to specify that nine demonstrators, not another quantity, were arrested, with the implication that other demonstrators were not arrested.) 8. Smith said he could confirm that nine only demonstrators were taken into custody. (This sentence seems to indicate, albeit ungrammatically, that the people arrested were only demonstrators and had no other occupation or pastime.) 9. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators only were taken into custody. (The number of demonstrators arrested was only nine; unlike version number 7, this sentence does not necessarily imply additional demonstrators.) 10. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were only taken into custody. (The demonstrators were taken into custody, but nothing else pertaining to custody occurred to them.) 11. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken only into custody. (The demonstrators were not taken anywhere except into custody.) 12. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into only custody. (The demonstrators were taken into a type of custody known as â€Å"only custody†; like version number 8, this sentence is not grammatically correct.) 13. Smith said he could confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody only. (Nothing else was done to the demonstrators besides taking them into custody.) The usual placement error for this type of sentence is â€Å"Smith said he could only confirm that nine demonstrators were taken into custody,† where only erroneously precedes the pertinent verb, suggesting that confirmation is all that could be done. However, the point that the stated item of information, and only that item, could be confirmed is correctly stated thus: â€Å"Smith said he could confirm only that nine demonstrators were taken into custody.† (Therefore, version 6 above is the only version suitable to express the intended meaning.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"Adverbs and Hyphens

Bio-Terrorism preparedness and response Module 3 case MHE 507 Essay

Bio-Terrorism preparedness and response Module 3 case MHE 507 - Essay Example However the operation is plagued by the lack of qualified and motivated staff members. This paper will seek to study and analyze the LRN. The Laboratory Response Network was created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a means of responding to biological terrorism. The CDC established the organization with its partners, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Association of Public Health Laboratories (McGovern, 311). The overall aim was to create an efficient mechanism that would upgrade the American public health infrastructure to respond to bioterrorism. The LRN uses a coordinated effort by government, military, health, and private laboratories to fight against possible bioterrorist threats. It helps to enhance the ability of the country to respond to biological and chemical terrorism. The Laboratory Response Network operates using a multi-tier organizational structure. Each level helps to create a multilayered security mechanism against potential bioterrorist acts. Sentinel laboratories are the first line of defense since they are concerned with identifying and assessing bioterrorism threat agents. They have the responsibility of treating samples in a safe manner (Roffey & Tegnell, 450). Reference laboratories typically have advanced equipment that is used to test and monitor the presence of specific biological threat agents. Finally national laboratories are present in military and government facilities for the purpose of identifying specialized biological agents (Treadwell & Koo, 92). The LRN represents a unique effort to fight bioterrorism because it integrates state, federal, military, veterinary, and international laboratories. Adequate funding has supplemented the efforts by providing the necessary equipment, instruments, and supplies to the network of laboratories. However a major shortcoming is the lack of qualified and talented staff (Inglesby, 1735). This was because qualified scientists and researchers

Application of Psychology on Leadership and Management Essay

Application of Psychology on Leadership and Management - Essay Example In those theories, the theorists who were of diverse professional backgrounds came up with â€Å"frames within which they explained human personality, what dictated the kind of personality that one would possess and the characteristics of those various personalities† (Tjosvol and Tjosvol 7). Psychologists endeavor to explain why people with the same heredity (from the same mother and/or father) and same environment react differently. They also explain why people of different heredity and past life experiences may sometimes react in the same manner in a similar environment. There are different theories all of which endeavor to explain human personality. Tjosvol and Tjosvol widely studied the major groups of theories that study people’s personality such as trait, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanist and social learning (9). They embrace different approaches, for example, the biological theories that suggest that the genetics of an individual are responsible for a person’s personality. This involves heritability which suggests that there is a link between a person’s traits and the genetics. Behavioral theorists, on the other hand, explain that the personality of a person is dictated by the environment in which the individual stays. Tjosvol and Tjosvol studied that behavioral theorists study the measurable and observable behaviors of individuals by explaining that personality is adopted from the friends with whom one hangs most of the time (6). It is based on the belief that behavior and by far personality is a result/product of the fu se between an individual’s genetics and the environment. Psychoanalysis is the oldest theory of personality and is based on the Sigmund Freud’s arguments and analysis of human personality. From this theory, personality is based on psychic energy (libido) and the unconscious. The man slowly develops from the id to the ego and finally to the superego which forms the basic structure of the human personality.  

Individualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Individualism - Essay Example The major schools of thought can be broken down into biocentrism, sentientism, ratiocentrism and anthropomorphism (weak and strong). In attempting to discover which of these views is most justified, it is necessary to understand the basic ideas each school of thought represents. Biocentrism is, roughly speaking, a system in which the criterion for inherent worth is based upon the simple-seeming criterion of whether one lives or not. Because all living things have the right to exist, we, as thinking beings, hold moral responsibility to ensure that we do not interfere with this right. â€Å"[Taylor] contends that in addition to our moral obligations toward our fellow humans, we also owe duties to wild living things in their own right †¦ He agrees with Goodpaster’s argument that one can deny that non-humans have rights and yet hold that they are moral patients toward whom moral agents have duties and responsibilities† (Kocer, 2001). Being the center of a life force is grounds enough to fulfill to the biocentrist viewpoint, but this introduces problems as one must consider that all life forms must hold inherent worth equally – the human as well as the cockroach – despite obvious differences in understanding and awareness. As even Taylor hints, there must be something more to the question than simply the idea that one respirates and reproduces. This is where the ideas of sentientism arise. While philosophers such as Singer suggest that this term is applied to any creature that demonstrates capacity to feel pleasure or pain, â€Å"the term ‘sentient’ refers more broadly to consciousness of something or other, rather than to consciousness of pleasure and pain specifically† (Jamieson, 2003: 192). However, when it is applied in this sense, it is usually limited to the view of something being able to express it is feeling pleasure or pain. Under this view, things gain inherent

A Reflective Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Reflective Paper - Essay Example This calls for the strategic intervention of the human resource manager or the HR. the HR has many duties which include recruitment of the workforce, human resource development, benefits and compensation, safety and health and enhancing better employee and labor relations. These factors are instrumental to the success of the organization and the approach that is taken by the HR to achieve this largely defines the success of the organization in achieving its objectives. To achieve these HR functions and responsibility and ensuring a culture of performance in the organization, the HR has to adopt an operation excellence approach that ensures making of benchmarks in the global market today. Schuler & Jackson (2007) define operation excellence as a set of strategic results that an organization aims to achieve over specific time, as demonstrated by factors such as strategic improvement in all the areas of concern, sustained improvement in all departments of an organization and laying down strategies to achieve high benchmark results. These are the essential driving forces behind a globalised approach in HR functions. Human resource recruitment, planning and selection One of the most important functions of the HR is to recruit, and critically plan on human resource that would be entrusted with the task of ensuring the success of meeting objectives in the organization. Largely, the recruited employees and staff have a large impact towards the performance of the organization in meeting its objectives. According to Brumfitt et al (2001), the complexity and extensive recruitment criteria that is involved in workforce recruitment has led many companies to hire consultancy firms in recruiting its workforce. In the current highly competitive market, this approach by the HR might not offer a competitive workforce, and it is the role of the HR to ensure that employees are recruited as per extensive criteria that rhymes with the philosophy of the organization. Johnston and Joh nston a leader in pharmaceuticals has such criteria that portray leadership in employee recruitment. The criteria involve more than 60 guidelines that guide the recruitment process and is highly integrated and linked with the philosophy of the company (Beiske, 2003). Such recruitment criteria would ensure that the process has a good fit and is well integrated to the values of the individual and the culture of the organization. The resulting workforce would lead to a culture of performance excellence. The use of assessment centers where prospective employees are critically evaluated over a short time has also proven to be instrumental in the recruitment process. Human resources development Human resources development ensures that employees are occasionally trained to meet the expected performance of a globalised market as well as improving their performance skills. It is the role of HR to plan, manage and implement occasional training of the workforce to ensure sustainable and consis tent performance of the workforce. According to Saiyadin (2009) GlaxoSmithKline a giant pharmaceutical has some of the best global human resource development strategies. The company uses assessment centers where each employee has to undergo assessment after a certain time to compare their skills with the required skills to perform the expected duties. The center reveals areas of weaknesses and

Personal Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Narrative - Essay Example It was first weekend after I had come of age when I could right ask my father to give me driving lesson. My parents were really enjoying my impatience and quite shamelessly made me do all the things like washing dishes and cleaning the car. But nothing could faze me and woke up early to take my first driving lesson! When I sat on the driving seat, there was no holding back my happiness and I was grinning widely. My father indicated all the controls and cautioned me especially regarding the accelerator and break. It was trusted old Beetle that I had got accustomed to watching my parents drive so various controls were easy to understand. I turned the key and started the motor. Wow! The thrill of holding the steering wheel and letting go the break was just divine. It was on first gear and though slow, I was independently handling the car. My father took me on a long drive which had lots of curves and by-lanes. I was not allowed to change gears till after I had become accustomed to the b reak and accelerator which father had made me use frequently on the track that was still isolated. Putting the car on second gear had given me huge confidence because I could speed up the car a little more. After about an hour of practice lesson, we headed back. The first driving lesson was memorable because my father was proud of the way, I had managed my driving.

The Four IT Business Management Domains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Four IT Business Management Domains - Essay Example In each of the four categories highlighted, the CIOs have an integral role to play with regard to the facilitation of the overall scheme of improvement. It is high time to ensure that the budget determination techniques are stretched beyond the conventional mode of using Spread sheets and data tables. This through the incorporation of the advanced softwares and databases must be integrated into a more comprehensive and vibrant network which will allow for a robust handling of the overall budget constraints and resources. The next variable is that of the large scaled collaboration with the other networks. This will facilitate better means of communication and cooperation and in turn best outcomes extraction. At present the system of business alignment demand considerable improvements in terms of the tools and techniques used along with the broader means of communication system establishment within. Addressing the risk factor and defining the quality as a overall new concept are two other factors that are part of the overall revamp

Personal Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Narrative - Essay Example It was first weekend after I had come of age when I could right ask my father to give me driving lesson. My parents were really enjoying my impatience and quite shamelessly made me do all the things like washing dishes and cleaning the car. But nothing could faze me and woke up early to take my first driving lesson! When I sat on the driving seat, there was no holding back my happiness and I was grinning widely. My father indicated all the controls and cautioned me especially regarding the accelerator and break. It was trusted old Beetle that I had got accustomed to watching my parents drive so various controls were easy to understand. I turned the key and started the motor. Wow! The thrill of holding the steering wheel and letting go the break was just divine. It was on first gear and though slow, I was independently handling the car. My father took me on a long drive which had lots of curves and by-lanes. I was not allowed to change gears till after I had become accustomed to the b reak and accelerator which father had made me use frequently on the track that was still isolated. Putting the car on second gear had given me huge confidence because I could speed up the car a little more. After about an hour of practice lesson, we headed back. The first driving lesson was memorable because my father was proud of the way, I had managed my driving.

The importance of Early Childhood professions Essay

The importance of Early Childhood professions - Essay Example Century-old studies of psychologists and researchers and theorists like Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, served as catalysts to the evolution of professions that specifically cater to the needs of infants, toddlers and young children. In addition to the rise in the demand of professionals in childhood settings, there have been trainings and programs that were designed to meet the needs of such professionals in order to perform their jobs well. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) is one of the organizations that cater to the needs of individuals seeking to be in an early childhood profession. It has seen the necessity of training children as early as infancy and has gathered people with a passion to reach out to parents and children. Its main objectives are to facilitate professional development of individuals working for and with young children of zero to eight years and to improve public understanding and support for high quality early ch ildhood programs (naeyc.org, 1993). For this reason, there arose a number of programs that were improved as the years passed, to adjust to the changing needs of families and children. Whether the programs offered were established by private or government entities, the main goal had been to provide quality assured services to both parents and children in the crucial learning stages of the children. Child care, a job understandably from the name itself, involves a professional in the care of children. This job often requires a full day schedule that is synchronized with the parents’ working schedules to enable them to do their own jobs. Facility licensures are given to child care centers, provided by state departments of human services as the regulating body. Following the requirements, centers should prepare their staff and qualify them through trainings on how to handle clients. However, since child care takes just common sense to perform one’s job, the trainings are n ot strictly implemented. Rather, applicants with no previous experience are hired and learn important lessons as they work from day to day. Nevertheless, institutions should have the initiative to hire trained staff or train their own employees to further the quality of their services. This will not only satisfy clients but will also make a lasting impression that could make the institution last. Ellen Frede emphasized the result of studies that have found that staff members with more formal schooling or specialized training are more attentive and nurturing in their behavior toward children (1995), which is sought by most parents. In the case of family child care homes, registration as required by law should be followed (naeyc.org). Child caregivers basically attend to he basic needs of the children. For instance, they should feed and let them rest at the right time. Bathing and clothing the children can also be a part of their duties and responsibilities when the circumstances dema nd so. During waking hours, it is the responsibility of the child care provider to ensure the child’s security especially during play. Another profession to look at in this particular setting is the early childhood education (ECE). It is assumed to promote children’s social and educational development. This program is not like the child care program which requires a full d

Curriculum Planning History Essay Example for Free

Curriculum Planning History Essay Introduction Curriculum Planning History has several historical or political occurrences that have mostly influenced current curriculum design through various teaching styles and patterns. Educational communities shape and mold our society and society in turn impacts the curriculum. Majority of all stakeholders speak openly concerning their views today in hopes to persuade legislatures and school officials about decisions going forth or changing within school systems. In the last 10 years some of the most dramatically changes within curriculum in the schools has resulted due to the increasing number of US youth in school, the diversity of the US population, traditional classroom setting activities, increase in pre-kindergarten students beginning school, the likelihood of diminishing smaller schools, minimizing teacher/pupil ratios at a slow pace, technological future: and the future becoming technology, and who is left to teach becomes a critical question. The ELL laws and SIOP have impacted our educational communities’ curriculum development in both negative and positive ways. For example, some of the benefits of SIOP for non-ELL teachers are dramatic increase awareness in professional-development programs on how to teach English-language learners as a plus in the implementation of the law. Nevertheless, the No Child Left Behind Act could be thought of as a disadvantage more than a benefit to English-language learners, this belief is one of the few researchers who have studied the impact that the law has had on instruction. I personally believe in the NCLB Act and I was very much an advocate for the Act when it initially became effective. Also we must acknowledge the â€Å"gifted education† movement and how it identifies with the initial curriculum development both negatively and positively from its first implementations of similar development and specifications. Most Influential Historical/Political Occurrences The melting pot approach has interested educators in the integration of diversity. The melting pot approach was adopted in the 60s and 70s, soon quickly becoming known nationwide in the United States at the same time interacting with similar subjects of various cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds. Metaphoric speaking contents of the potpeople of different cultures, languages and religions are combined so as to lose their distinct identities resulting in a final product that is quite interesting but nothing like the normal consistency at start. Resulting in more multicultural, multiethnic and multi-religious societies it is important that curriculum understands and reflect these changes. As stated by Ornstein and Hunkins (1998), â€Å"the complexion of our students is changing from one colour to various shades of colour and this adding of colour and cultural diversity will continue into the foreseeable future† (p.146). As we continue to research our influential historical and political occurrences we take notice of the world changing into a global village. Society becoming even more diverse as people brings new values and new languages to assist in establishing a new way of life. Then there is the salad bowl approach where diversity is personified individually but all uniquely at the same time. In other words, take for instance the makeup of a salad where all ingredients (diverse backgrounds) maintain their own specific flavors. The salad bowl approach is better representation than the melting pot approach. It is politically correct to assume that Cultural diversity of pluralism demonstrates how most societal beliefs are made up of several voices and various races. This outline allows groups to show good manners and appreciation of each other; coexisting and interacting without issues. Society members usually more committed than not in participating and sharing the lead of power and decision making as history proves with this approach. ELL Laws and SIOP Impact Educators specializing in teaching English-language learners tend to be uncertain about the federal No Child Left Behind Act. Although, most have expressed that the 10-year-old plus law has shown concern for the handling of test results resulting from the criteria spelled out within the NCLB Act. It is evident that the challenges these students face has prompted an  increase in professional development, specifically for mainstream teachers. While acknowledging the ELL Laws are not clear about the instruction being more positive or negative overall. As English-learners’ test scores fall short many believe it is wrong to penalize schools. In addition to reviewing the ELL laws we must address the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol, or SIOP, defined as a model for teaching English and academic content simultaneously. For example, clearly written objectives content, clearly written language objectives, key vocabulary emphasized, various technique concepts usage to stress clarity, and providing many consistent opportunities for interactive teacher/student dialogue encouraging elaborated responses are some examples. For example, SIOP allows a teacher to implement various hands on teaching and training aids that can only assist in teaching the average ELL students at a more rapid pace. â€Å"Gifted Education† Movement Impact The â€Å"Gifted Education† curriculum has impacted education for at least twenty-five years or more with various issues. Therefore implementing and identifying key trends including values and substantial material for the elite, technological subject matter, aspects of creative interactive lesson plans for the academically skilled persons within core subject areas. It is obvious Passow’s flattering article on secondary programming was designed for the gifted student that was justifiably leveled between mental and influential areas. Passow’s model provided answers on creating a guide for tracking implementations and improvements that called for concerns about accepting one’s own beliefs and assisting others who you might not agree with. It was also centered morally and ethically with developmental stages in reality and emphasis on critical thinking and resolving problems, a stress on the liberal arts, and customized choices. Surely, Passow and VanTassel-Baska are advocates for Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate programs. Mentorships, internships, and independent study are all examples of why there is a need for more customized interactions. Conclusion Curriculum Planning History occurrences are dictated by the outcome of present and past societal decisions that have outweighed educational models  and theories across the nation in various educational communities. Curriculum Planning prepares students from past experiences to embrace the now and willingly reaches out and take on the future. In other words, a curriculum needs to address the wants and needs of everyone desiring to resolve social conditions locally, nationally and globally (McNeil, 1995). In the United States the number of school-age students will grow from more than 60 million in 2012 to possibly 80 million in 2050. However, it is extremely critical not to ignore or deny the possibilities the trends reveal. Therefore, we can hope â€Å"Trends† will best serve as a starting point where educators and facilities professionals come together to â€Å"think outside of the box,† to ask â€Å"what if,† to wonder â€Å"why can’t we,† and to â€Å"consider the unconsidered.† Flashing back on Chen, 20110, stating how open discussions of the potential impact of the trends on public education and its school structures will surely emerge new and exciting ideas. Undoubtedly, the roles of all stakeholders will be affected by a changing future. In conclusion, it has been proven that educators and educational specialists do continue to shape diverse futures. As an old favorite African proverb of mine reminds us; Tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today. A Collaborative Curriculum is created and necessary based on the circumstances and beliefs during that period of time. The collaboration is reflective of various political ideologies, societal predictions, divine beliefs and wisdom conceptions at a particular point in time. While there is great advancements in information and communication technology, administrators, teachers and students are expressing and gathering views globally. It has been seen in other school systems and majority of all stakeholders would like to see these practices in their own educational community. References: Ornstein, A. and Hunkins, F. Curriculum: Foundations, principle and issues. (1998). Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Chapter 5: Social foundations of curriculum. Passow, A. H. (1986). Curriculum for the gifted and talented at the secondary level. Gifted Child Quarterly, 30, 186-191. [See Vol. 4, p. 103.] Stevenson, K. R., (September 2010). Educational Trends Shaping School Planning, Design, Construction, Funding, and Operation., National Clearing House For Educational Facilities www.files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED539457.pdf Topic 3: Social Foundations of Curriculum peoplelearn.homestead.com/beduc/module_3.social.history.doc VanTassel-Baska, J., Zuo, L., Avery, L. D., Little, C. A. (2002). A curriculum study of gifted-student learning in the language arts. Gifted Child Quarterly, 46(1), 30-44. [See Vol. 5.] VanTassel-Baska, J., (2003). Introduction to Curriculum for Gifted and Talented Students: A 25-Year Retrospective and Prospective. The College of William and Mary.

Sport and Identity Formation

Sport and Identity Formation Sport and Identity: Essay Proposal How Does Rugby Union Shape And Reflect Identity In Northern Ireland? Despite the increased interest and understanding of identity, the concept itself remains something of an enigma (Fearon, 1991, cited in Hooti Mahmoudi, 2013). The meaning of identity as we now use it, is not well captured by dictionary definitions. Our present idea of identity is a recent social construct, and a rather complicated one. Even though everyone knows how to use the word properly in everyday discourse, it proves quite difficult to give a short and adequate summary statement that captures the range of its present meanings (Gleason, 1983, pp. 910-930). A short definition by Hogg and Abrams (1988) state that identity is peoples concepts of who they are, of what sort of people they are, and how they relate to others (p.2), and when a set of people who hold a common social identification are categorised together they form a social group. These groups of collective identities can be constructed around many forms and circumstances, for example, nationality, race, gender, sexuali ty, religion and many more. Woodward (1997) adds to this by suggesting that Identity marks the ways in which we are the same as others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and the way in which we are different. Often identity is most clearly defined by difference (Woodward, 1997, pp. 1-2).   When analysing the definition, its clear that Hogg and Abrams as well as Woodward are only talking about people. Other authors (Elliott, 2007; Mead and Morris, 1934) suggest that objects and symbols can also be used to express and forge a sense of self. This further demonstrates the complexity of defining identity. Identity in the context of sport can unify and/or divide. It can show common ground or expose differences. Sport can be used as a tool to show how people see themselves and how others see them. It is a potential platform for the construction and display of identity (Maguire, Jarvie, Mansfield, Bradley, 2002). One example for the display of an identity through sport is national identity. If the concept of nations being an imagined community (Anderson, 2006) is accepted, then Bairner states that Sporting competition arguably provides the primary expression of imagined communities with the nation appearing more real in the domain of sport (Bairner, 2005, p. 105). It is around the subject of national identity that I will form my topic of research for the essay. I want to explore the ways in which Rugby Union helps to shape and reflect national identity in Northern Ireland, a county divided for many decades by two main ideologies. The first is the, mainly protestant, unionist ideology. P eople who follow this ideology believe that Northern Ireland, part of Great Britain, should continue some form of political union with Great Britain and thus, view themselves as British. The second, mainly catholic, nationalist ideology is opposed to such a union and favours a unified Ireland, and thus, view themselves as Irish'(Cronin,1999, p. 143-146). Then there are people who consider themselves as Northern Irish. They are either politically neutral or take on a mixture of beliefs from both sides of the community so I will have to consider this during the essay. I want to explore this looking solely at Rugby Union as it is unique and significant that the Irish national team compete as a united nation against Scotland, Wales and England and, as such, have a large nationalist following in Northern Ireland. In contrast, the Ulster Rugby Union side that also incorporates counties from both sides of the border has a large unionist following in Northern Ireland. The academic rationale for my choice of topic is that it is only in the last decade that a more heterogeneous approach to identity construction in this subject area generally has been acknowledged and followed (Hassan, 2002). There isnt a lot of research on how Rugby Union shapes and reflects identity in Northern Ireland but there are sections of research by other academics and authors which will be useful. The concepts of identity will allow me to explore this sectarian divide and understand how both sides of the community can use Rugby Union to display which side of the ideological line they stand on and/or if it can also be used as a tool to unite the conflicting sides of the community. The topic, with its deep historical and political complexity, will also allow me to further explain identity as a socio-logical concept that is ever changing, fluid and complicated. To do this I will use the Identity and Difference theory by Woodward (1997). The reason for this is that my topic will mainly focus on two main nationalities and ideologies. People with the same nationality and ideology share a sense of geographic space, beliefs, and history with other members of that community, whilst excluding those who do not belong. Difference is central to the shaping of many collective identities and is often used as an active form of social exclusion, particularly when political problems between groups occurs (Woodward, 1997). One could argue that for some people in Northern Ireland being Protestant, unionist or British can be defined as much by not being Catholic, nationalist, or Irish. Other forms of identity could also be explored in the final piece to further explain the topic. Looking at another form of identity could allow a better understanding or explanation of a range of things related to the topic, for example, social class to expand on the historical context. In terms of social interaction, the middle classes were more integrated than the working classes and the rise of the Irish middle class, in part a response to political developments in Northern Ireland, inevitably led to Catholics being socialised into rugby (Hassan, 2002). Other forms of identity include race, religion, sexuality, profession, age, gender and many more. With every form of identity that is explored, better understanding and a more in-depth knowledge can be attained. I will also have to read up on some relavant secondary research, particularly the books and studies of Cronin (1999), Woodward (1997) and Bairner (2005) in preparation for the final piece. References Anderson, B. O. R. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York: Verso Books. Bairner, A. (2005). Sport and the Irish: Histories, identities, issues. Dublin: University College Dublin Press. Cronin, M. G. (1999). Sport and nationalism in Ireland: Gaelic games, soccer and Irish identity since 1884. Dublin: Four Courts Press. Elliott, A. (2007). Concepts of the self. Cambridge: Polity Press. Gleason, P. (1983). Identifying identity: A semantic history. The Journal of American History, 69(4), 910. doi:10.2307/1901196 Harris, J., Parker, A. (Eds.). (2009). Sport and social identities. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Hassan, D. (2002). A people apart: Soccer, identity and Irish Nationalists in Northern Ireland. Soccer Society, 3(3), 65-83. doi:10.1080/714004886 Hogg, M. A., Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. New York: Routledge. Hooti, N., Mahmoudi, Y. (2013). Identity Discordianism under the trepidation and duplicity of human essence: A trenchant investigation on Luigi Pirandellos war. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(7), . doi:10.4304/tpls.3.7.1209-1213 Maguire, J. A., Jarvie, G., Mansfield, L., Bradley, J. (2002). Sport worlds: A sociological perspective. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers. Mead, G. H. H., Morris, C. W. (1934). Mind, self, and society; from the standpoint of a social behaviorist (17th ed.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago press. Woodward, K. (1997). Identity and difference. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage in association with the Open University.

Personal Narrative- Daydreaming in Class Essay -- Personal Narrative W

Personal Narrative- Daydreaming There I sat, trying desperately not to drool in the middle of my daydream. Dare I say class was less than interesting and all I could think of was my bed? Instead of daydreaming of a hunky man, or even a bright future paved with a golden road of success, I was dreaming of my bed. It was an ordinary college dorm room bed: you never know how many people actually slept in it, or did something else in it, yet I still find comfort in its lumps and bumps. In the brilliance of my afternoon laziness I decided that daydreaming about my bed wasn’t silly at all. In fact I should commemorate my bed with a poem and a little cartoon drawing of it. Unfortunately I had forgotten my notebook so I began to doodle on the prehistoric thing called a desk. Knowing that writing an ode to my wonderful bed on another piece of furniture was loaded with irony, I hesitated commemorating my bed on this horrible, and unworthy desk. Since I was out of paper and out of options I shrugged my shoulders at my h esitations and began my ode to my bed. Oh endearing friend of mine Soft, sweet and truly divine. Only I understand your charm Stay with me always and I’ll keep you from harm. Okay, so this wasn’t a Shakespearian sonnet, but I found it worthy at the time of this creaky and uncommonly hard, desk. This poem was followed by several crude drawings of my bed. Then I found myself enthralled with the words etched into the wooden canvas before me. Being a college desk, there were the token swear words and brilliantly crafted phrases such as â€Å"Bobby Joe was here.† The etchings I found of interest weren’t even etched in; they were merely drawn with pencil. What a daring move for the author to make. Someone could easily ... ... forget to divert your eyes from the professor. Once you make eye contact the spell is broken and he will call on you... What on earth could that mean? I glanced quickly up at my professor only to catch his eye. â€Å"Ah, I see one of you is still alive!† he said maliciously, â€Å"Can you tell those of us who are still awake what Byron meant when he said ‘She walks in beauty, like the night. Of Cloudless climes and starry nights...?† Oh no I had broken the spell! Now I understood what the prophet of the desk had meant. I mumbled some nonsense about an unrequited love, which seemed to satisfy my professor. He seemed to think he had reached his quota of in-class discussion with my comment, so he went on talking to himself, completely self absorbed. In my desperation to find the safety of a daydream yet again I began to scrawl in deep, dark marks on the desk, â€Å"LLH was here.†

Differences in Competencies: Associate Versus Baccalaureate Nurse Essay

The field of nursing has come a long way. It was once considered to be a profession for that of the less fortunate. But as the years went by the field of nursing has made drastic changes in that of schooling and duties of the nurse. No longer has the field of nursing considered for those who has nothing else to do or those of less fortunate, but over the years education has played an important role in the success of this profession. In the eighteen century, nursing were considered to be more hands on, but theories saw the need for a more formal education. Over the years, there have been debates about the entry level for nursing. Some say there’s no difference between the associate (ADN) and the baccalaureate (BSN) degree. In the following paragraphs I will expound on the differences between the ADN and the BSN degree. The ADN program came about because of the shortage in nursing in the post-war years. It is a two year program developed by Mildred Montag designed as an entry level for nursing. Friberg, 2011, p. 14). The outcome of this program was very successful. It yielded the same results and those who had completed the five year program by successfully passing the licensure examination for nurses. Because of this great success the ADN program went full force into action. The ADN program became more popular. It now opens the door for those who were not able to attend the five year program. It worked well for older ladies, especially those who were married, and certainly more cost effective. (Friberg, 2011, p. 15). Nurses at the associate and the baccalaureate level are taught in nursing schools to use the nursing process. This is a tool that is set up for nurses to help the patient recover from their current illnesses, and also to aid the physicians in treating their patients. The nursing process includes assessing the patient or situation, diagnose the patient using nursing diagnosis and gathering pertinent information, developed a care plan on how the needs of the patient will be met, put those plan into action and monitor the patient to see if any changes need to be made to the current interventions. The American Association of Colleges of nursing (AACN) states the difference between the associate and baccalaureate level as that of theory, research, public and community health and that management. (AACN, 2012). Both programs take the same exit exam, the NCLEX to become a registered nurse in order to practice in their own state.. At the BSN level the nurse can take on leadership responsibilities. You may find them as charge nurses, managers, and even as bedside leaders as on the unit that I currently work. Because their training consists more of research; you may also find them to be more efficient with the nursing process. They are able to think fast in an emergency situation and developing a plan of action. Because of their leadership skills they are able to delegate the right task especially to new nurses or those flexing from another floor. My charge nurse currently has her BSN and when in doubt or have questions about a doctor’s order she is always quick in examining the order and ready to make suggestions based on her leadership skills. Three weeks ago I had a fresh post-operative patient from PACU. Upon arrival his blood pressure was 109/62 and heart rate 88. At four A. M. the tech called me and said that the patient’s Bp was 88/55. I immediately lowered the patient’s head and raised his feet, waited for fifteen minutes, then retake his BP. The new reading shows 99/56. Based on the patient’s baseline I was ok with that. I delegate to the tech to retake BP in an hour. An hour later it went even lower. I then went to the charge nurse who has her BSN to let him know of the situation and my plan of action. He immediately got a different BP machine and went to the patient’s room explained what we’re doing and that if his BP is still low we will need to call the emergency response team. To our surprised the patient’s BP was in the low 100’s. At that moment I was not thinking about changing the machine, but he being trained critically was able to think quick in coming up with another plan. I do understand that practice becomes perfect, but the level of education of my charge nurse sure did make a difference. Some say there’s no difference in the competencies of the ADN level versus the BSN level. Based on my own personal experiences and that of the theories, it does demonstrate that those trained with a higher level of education are more versed to critically think their way through problems and act quickly. According to Grand Canyon University philosophers, students are educated to provide, direct, and evaluate client-centered care while focusing on the person as an integrated whole. Baccalaureate degrees also broaden your job search. There are more positions available at this level, than that of the associate level. Most hospitals i. e. Emory no longer employ nurses with an associate degree. A lady once said to me that whatever I am now doing will not take me to where I am going. So it is with the associate degree, based on theological and scientifically advancement, the associate degree will not take us much further throughout this profession.

Life of Pi Essay

Here in Life of Pi the protagonist’s struggle for survival in the middle of an unheedful ocean is done in a tone that echoes the sound of a well-written work of fiction being read out aloud. Life of Pi is a story about struggling to survive through seemingly insurmountable odds. The shipwrecked inhabitants of the little lifeboat don’t simply concede to their fate: they actively fight against it. The human mind is an amazing instrument. In the face of the horrors of life, it creates a magical story that allows it to continue living with truths otherwise might not be able to accept. The struggle for existence, the struggle for survival, and the inner strength we have to find and tame before we can become master of our existence, are all realities which we have difficulty admitting. The struggle is with a young male that is vegetarian and Richard Parker is the capitalist within himself that he must struggle to overcome so he can be free to live the way he wants to, as a totally tolerant of all things vegetarian in Canada. While Pi has been starving, and the fish offer a sudden abundance of food, Pi–being a vegetarian–won’t eat the fish because it violates his beliefs, but his struggle to â€Å"dominate† Richard Parker is the dominating of his appetites. The food Pi has been eating from the lifeboat supply is destroyed by the tail of the whale, demonstrating the importance of food in the film, and how Pi learns he can’t survive on just earthly food, or just heavenly food, but that he needs both, Pi abandons his lifelong vegetarianism and eats the fish to sustain himself. Summing up the emotion behind the struggle Pi encountered, while he was on the boat, Pi states, â€Å"My face set to a grim and determined expression. I speak in all modesty as I say this, but I discovered at that moment that I have a fierce will to live. It’s not something evident, in my experience. Some of us give up on life with only a resigned sigh. Others fight a little, then lose hope. Still others–and I am one of those–never give up. We fight and fight and fight. We fight no matter the cost of battle, the losses we take the improbability of success. We fight to the very end. It’s not a question of courage. It’s something constitutional, an inability to let go. † (Martel 164) This quote is inspirational and relates to Pi’s personality. Despite the fact that he faced many struggles throughout the novel (majorly part 2), he managed to remain optimistic and determined to find a way to escape. In most cases, a person would have just given up under the circumstances he fell under, but Pi had faith in getting off the ship and finding land. He never gave up despite the fact that he knew that he’d never see his family again, and he had to survive for 227 days with a ferocious tiger, and little food. The odds against his survival were prominently against his favor, but that didn’t stop him. He had to overcome his fear of killing animals in his struggle for survival. Pi went from hesitating to kill a fish, to becoming comparable to a professional fisherman. Although there were many thoughts going through his head to just jump off the boat and put an end to everything, his perseverance overcame his doubt and he did anything possible to survive. Personally I can see myself saying what Pi stated. I’m a determined individual, and if I really want something, I will go to great lengths to get what I want.

Drug Addiction: And Urban Social Problem Essay

There are several concurrent urban social problems and for many years now authorities of a community have huge difficulties in eradicating these socially damaging situations. The issue of drug addiction has always been common and widespread in our society. For some reasons this worldwide predicament is very difficult to expunge thus, creating a humungous problem of our world. This shaped several individuals’ lives when the addiction to illegal substances sets in and likewise affected the future of the communities they belonged to especially their children, who of course look up to their parents for guidance. This began a long time ago but the problem is not diminishing and instead became progressively prevalent where teenagers nowadays are provided easy access to these deadly drugs by drug peddlers or pushers on the streets. Drug pushers have even become innovative on ways to introduce these life destructing substances to children just for them to earn easy money the fastest possible way. Some kids get introduced to these illegal substances without being aware what they have gotten into. Those born on the years from 1946 to 1964, were called Baby Boomers and were also exposed to drugs that significantly marked a different era in history. Mike Males, who is a teacher in UC Santa Cruz, and also a baby boomer, raised some criticisms on his own generation. He said that they are the fastest growing age group for felony arrests in California that has the biggest demographic for HIV and AIDs cases and has a one in three ratio of obese people. Since 75. 8 million Americans belong to this generation, their views and the actions dominate the society. They are in the media, fill the church pews, run the corporations thus ruling the market and sat on the Oval office (Hubler). Mike Males even described their generation as; Its members became wildly well-educated and turned â€Å"sex-drugs-and-rock-and-roll† into a mass motto. Then they left all that behind to form a lot of blended, two-income, exceptionally health-conscious households. Then they became inordinately conscientious parents, rethinking whole aspects of child-rearing, but in a good way. Now they’re safely ensconced in midlife and expecting to live past 100, with no worries save for the ever higher cost of seeing the Rolling Stones. (Hubler) His story has even been confirmed by government statistics and other scholars story in saying that, †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ problems among teens are declining but problems among their baby boom parents were another matter† (Hubler). Having a population dominated by the baby boomers may have its effects to the existence of some urban problems that are still hounding our communities. It was with great dependence on their action that their kids will be able to survive as well as the future generations. However, this generation as parents, have also nurtured their children by providing the support that they needed and wanted (Value Options). They also did wjat they could to provide their children a better and content future. They were also good parents to their kids. We cannot generalize an age group belonging to different society but still the fact remains that the drug problem is still predominant in the society. On the other hand, the children of the baby boomers are referred to as the Generation Y, who are those people born from years 1980 to 1994. They are also called Echo Boomers, Millennial Generation and Generation Next. This new generation is now coming of age to work and transform the future of the humankind. The Echo Boomers are very much controlled by technological innovations that have emerged in the latest years. They have â€Å"The Baby Boomers saw the future as theirs and Generation Xers found the future disheartening, these young workers question whether they will have a future. They have spent a good deal of time watching as their parents rose to the top of the corporate ladder, balancing work and family, and they have seen their parents lose jobs as a result of downsizing and reorganizations. For this generation, work is temporary and unreliable. They are less committed to an employer, sensing that employers are less committed to long-term employment. In some respect, this group is opportunistic and will job hop to meet their immediate wants, needs and goals† (Value Options). Apparently, in some cases, this has caused some adolescents to develop some psychological ordeal full of uncertainties in what the future holds for them that some resort to alcoholism, depression, smoking and drug addiction at a young age. Some of these people gets involve in something due to curiosity and experimentation. Without the parents’ strong presence in their lives, they just may be led on the wrong path. So many events has happened during their time such as high school, college school and even mall shooting as well as the 9/11 attacks. With all these things happening, more support is needed by these people to overcome some trauma. For those who cannot get the support and guidance that they need from their elders, they turn to drugs to momentarily forget their fears, anger and insecurities especially for teenagers. Addiction results from the relationship between a person and the object of their addiction (Schaffer). The sources of drug addiction are the actual drugs that people take, of which some are prescribed for a certain illness or not. Most of these drugs cannot be faced out in the market since it is also very beneficial to the lives of those afflicted by some deadly or threatening diseases. The only way to do for these substances to be safe or away from drug abusive individuals is the control that is implemented by the government to every area. It is a responsibility that should be taken seriously by the ones in governmental positions or in power. Also a huge support from families, friends and community to those people especially the adolescents should be formed to give them the guidance they need. Many of these groups are existent today and are already causing remarkable changes in the lives of some young ones. Drugs would always be in the streets since people would still keep making them for a good or bad cause but we have to focus on what really pushes people to turn to drugs. If we go down to the root of the issue, we would know what to do to be able to stop this worsening predicament. If people’s interests in illegal substances are eliminated, then there will be no consumers for these individuals producing and selling these drugs. No one will be selling something of which no one is buying. If it is parental support that is lacking, everyone should do their best to become responsible parents and give the support their kids deserve. This boils down to family relationships since this is primarily where kids are guided to straighten out their lives and erase the confusions that bother them most which then results to having these vices. It is not fair to pinpoint on whether it is the fault of the Baby Boomers or the Generation Y that this social problem is still rampant. Both generations passed through their adolescent stages where people become vulnerable to such addictions. Everyone knows how confusing it is when we were on this phase and so we know how they should be guided and reared to become responsible and good citizens of this country. The drug problem is there because all of us need to pool our resources together and put more force in bringing this drug problem down. It is not just a responsibility of one generation or one country. It is a problem that can only be solved if every one of us would help each other and take it as our own responsibility to make this world a safe haven for the following generations. WORKS CITED Hubler, Shawn. â€Å"The Boomer Buster – Who is Mike Males, and why is he saying those awful things about people of a certain age? † 22 January 2006. Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice Press Room. 9 December 2007 . Schaffer, Howard J. â€Å"What is an Addiction: A Perspective. † 3 July 2007. Harvard Medical School Division on Addictions. 9 December 2007 . â€Å"Generation Y†. Value Options. 9 December 2007. .

What is Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is Happiness - Essay Example Thus the utilitarian position argues very strongly in favor of the concept of the maximum happiness. This principle of happiness is considered correct irrespective of the fact that the act that whether the action is performed out of a pure intention and motive of helping someone or whether the act is performed for personal interest. That is the utilitarianism considers an act which brings about the maximum happiness even if the person who performed this act did not do it with the intention of doing something good (Mill 1867, McMahon 2010). The utilitarian concept explains that the key to leading a moral life is the consideration of the benefit of the maximum people. This concept explains that proper education and learning can teach a person that which acts will bring about happiness. This is because it is through experience and learning that a person knows how this world has evolved and what acts are moral and will be good for the maximum number of people. The arguments that are used to support this position are convincing but there are reasons which provide an insight into the flaws that have been overlooked by the utilitarian position. During the reign of Hitler in Germany, experimental work was conducted on the Jewish slaves. The purpose of these experiments was to learn about the pathological conditions that affected humans so that the life quality and expectancy of the human beings could be improved. These experiments provided the ground for many discoveries and many things were learned from them but many detainees on whom these experiments were performed lost their lives in the process. The purpose of these experiments was to serve humanity and they did work towards bringing about the benefit of the maximum number of people by improving their lives as well as the lives of the future generations. But this benefit was obtained at the stake of

Chandra Levy Case and Analytical Errors Term Paper

Chandra Levy Case and Analytical Errors - Term Paper Example The Chandra Levy case had all the makings of a sensational Greek tragedy – a Representative who apparently was a womanizer and was suspected by many of being a cold-blooded murderer; a pretty, young, naà ¯ve woman from a well-to-do background, who had been having an affair with the United States Representative, and was now missing; incessant leaks from the police force; rumors of Chandras pregnancy, which supposedly gave Condit â€Å"motive† for killing her; and a sensational sit-down interview with Connie Chung that garnered enormous ratings and made Condit look guiltier than ever, due to his evasive answers and arrogant demeanor. The media went wild, and the general public, fueled by the media and prosecutors in the case, â€Å"knew† that Condit was guilty. In the end, there were two casualties – Chandra Levy and Condits career. Both were dead. This was the shameful result of an out-of-control media and prosecutors who were focused on Condit to the expense of all other theories and suspects. As it turned out, an El Salvadoran immigrant is highly suspected of Chandras murder, an immigrant that had been attacking women in the very park where Chandra went before the disappeared, allegedly to meet Condit for a romantic rendezvous that ended with her murder. This last piece of information proved to be inaccurate, or, at the very least, the product of lurid speculation. Condit may have been a lot of things – a womanizer and phony are two pejoratives that come to mind – but he was not a murderer, despite what the media sought to portray. These are the facts of the case. There is no question that the focus of the investigation, in the eyes of the media, prosecutors and public, was on Condit. The question that has not been answered is why? Why didnt the media and prosecutors seize on the possibility that a man who had been attacking women in the park, during the period of time that Chandra went missing, could have been the

Mobile Website Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mobile Website Development - Assignment Example This assignment overviews the topic on mobile devices and talks about the development of a simple mobile website from a third party mobile website template. The difference in expectations of site users and their interaction varies from the site model, in that, website users can move in a pattern that is vertical. This movement tends to be side by side for mobile site users, that is, right for the next page and left to move back to the homepage. The screen resolution for mobile site users is far much smaller. This can make browsing from mobile phone to be a difficult experience. A content designed for the main site will not properly display on a mobile site browser hence the need for changes. On a blog site, it is difficult to access earlier posts as it is not possible to view all the parts of the site on a mobile phone or a small device. Images and page elements meant for main websites can look garishly on mobile phone devices, requiring the need for resizing to fit onto the mobile sites. Design elements like color sheds and contrast are less important, especially for mobile phones with small screens, as information clarity becomes the priority. The designed mobile website target audience is people interested in tourism businesses in Melbourne, Australia. The website is designed to increase accessibility by potential and existing tourists. A mobile website is designed to increase the daily traffic up to 20%. Mobile site users get to see websites that are mobile optimized first before they get to see the normal websites. This gives the mobile sites first priority over the main sites (Mehta, 2008). The fact that mobile phones are available everywhere and are highly portable poses a threat to the existence of use of main computer website access. Advantages and disadvantages of viewing a

Network Remote Access Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Network Remote Access - Essay Example On this logical connection data packets are constructed in a specific VPN protocol and are encapsulated within some other carrier protocol then transmitted between VPN client and server. The name itself signifies that the client has to it self has to initiate or to manage the connection. The VPN client has to first establish a connection to the carrier and then the VPN client will create a tunnel to the VPN server over the logical live connection. In compulsory tunneling the Internet service provider has to manage VPN connection setup. When the user in this case an employee away from the office tries to establisha connection to a local carrier, the ISP inurn establishes a connection to the VPN server. If we look from the clients point of view, Compared to voluntary tunneling compulsory tunneling sets up a VPN connection in just one step instead of two steps in a voluntary tunneling. This kind of tunneling authenticates the users or the client and then connects them with the specific VPN servers using specified logic built into the broker device. The network device that comes into picture for compulsory tunneling is some times called FEP (front end processors), Network access servers (NAS) or point of presence (POS). The basic function of compulsory tunneling is to hide the details of server connectivity from the VPN client and then moves it's control from client to local carrier. Using a dialup connection also a connection can be esta... The network device that comes into picture for compulsory tunneling is some times called FEP (front end processors), Network access servers (NAS) or point of presence (POS). The basic function of compulsory tunneling is to hide the details of server connectivity from the VPN client and then moves it's control from client to local carrier. The additional burden for the service provider is the he has to install and maintain the front-end processors. There are number VPN tunneling protocols available, which are presently implemented in various VPN applications. The most widely used are. 1. Point-to-point tunneling protocol. (PPTP) 2. Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). 3. Internet protocol security (Ipsec). 1. Dialup connection using telephone line. Using a dialup connection also a connection can be established to a VPN server from a remote place. But dialup connection is adequate to connect to an E-mail server. It lags in terms of continuous contact with the server due to frequent disconnection. So, connectivity and reliability is not associated with this type of connection, which are required for intensive and secure business applications 2. Dialup connection using mobile phone. VPN connectivity to the company's network using a mobile phone is also possible with a hand set having GPRS feature. This could be an ideal way for the employees who are always on the move. Connecting to company's network using mobile phone for prolonged duration is not advisable since there are chances of disconnection from the servers of the office network due to congestion in cellular network during peak time. Another disadvantage using a cell phone is that an employee has to compromise with the speed offered by the service provider. During an Internet

Your choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Your choice - Essay Example The advertisement under focus (shown in Appendix A) utilizes propaganda techniques as well as communist symbols for propagation. Essentially the advertisement is geared to sell candy but the symbols used for propagation make the advertisement look like communist propaganda for revolution. The first noticeable item about the advertisement is the heading at the top which provides a striking message in a Russian transcription type script. The heading is transcribed in a modified font to resemble Russian script (apparent from the horizontally flipped N symbols†. In addition, the contents of the heading make it provocative and even appealing to the intended audience. The heading reads â€Å"The Redolution is now!† where the word â€Å"Redolution† has been derived from the words â€Å"revolution† and â€Å"red†. This rebranding of the word revolution is an attempt by the advertisement to strike the curious sides of human beings. Human beings are typically interested in items that either provoke them or items that strike their curiosity. Since the word revolution is a strong word, mixing it with red leaves strange connotations. This is compounded by the fact that the United States and the Soviet Union remained at loggerheads with each other during the Cold War (Friedman). The advertisement under focus is geared for the United States where most people still carry biases against Russia. Using the color red along with the message of revolution tends to make the advertisement generate a strong appeal with audiences. The urgency of the message expressed by the word â€Å"now† tends to raise the bar even more. The advertisement uses other strongly communist symbols as well including the M&M mascot and the volley of people at the bottom. The red colored M&M mascot symbolizes a turn into the communist fold. The figure’s head is shown strewn with a cap tagged with a single communist star leading to a greater appeal for the figure as being communist.

Solomon, Consumer Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Solomon, Consumer Behaviour Essay When we say personality, actually everyone can understand what it is meant to be but actually it is hard to define a formal description of â€Å"Personality†. One answer can lie in the concept of personality, which refeers to a person’s unique psychological make up and how it concsistently influences the ay a person’s responds to his/her environment. From now on when we say â€Å"Personality†, we mean all of the distinctive, consistent and structured relations between an individual ‘s inner and outer environment. Personality is also be described as â€Å" the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual† Some psychologists may argue that the concept of personality may not be valid. Many studies find that people do not seem to exhibit stable personalities. Because people do not necessarily behave the same way in all situations, they argue that this is merely a convenient way to categorize people. It’s a bit hard to accept because we tend to see others in a limited range of situations and so they do appear to act consistently. Marketing strategies often include some aspect of personality. These dimensions are usually considered in conjunction with a person’s choice of leisure activities, political beliefs, aesthetic tastes, and other personal factors that help us to understand consumer lifestyle. Freudian Theories: Who is Sigmund Freud? Sigmund, born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. An early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy, Freud later developed theories about the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression, and established the field of verbal psychotherapy by creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or analysand) and a psychoanalyst. Psychoanalysis has in turn helped inspire the development of many other forms of psychotherapy, some diverging from Freuds original ideas and approach. Sigmund Freud proposed the idea that much of one’s adult personality stems from a fundamental conflict between a person’s desire to gratify his/her physical needs and the necessity to function as a responsible member of society. The id seeks out immediate gratification. The superego is the counterweight to the id. It is a person’s conscience. The ego is the system that mediates between the two. It tries to find ways to gratify the id that are acceptable to society. This is called the Pleasure Principle. Id† is selfish and illogical. It is the â€Å"Party Animal† of the mind. It’s about immidiate gratification. Id operates according to the pleasure principle which our basic desire to maximize pleasure and avoid pain guides our behaviour. Id directs a person’s physical energy toward pleasurable acts without regard for any consequences. â€Å"Superego† is the counterweight to the id. The superego is essentially the person’s consicience. The superego internalizes society’s rules and tries to prevent the id from seeking selfish gratification. Ego† mediates between the id and superego, it acts as a refree in the fight between temptation and virtue. The ego tries to balance these opposing forces according to the reality principle which means it finds way to gratify the id that the outside world will find acceptable. These conflicts occur on an unconcious level , so the person is not necessarily awere of the underlying reasons for his/her behaviour. Freud’s ideas highlights the potential importance of unconscious motives that guide our purchases. Consumer researchers have adapted some of Freud’s ideas. Consumers cannot necessarily tell us their true motivation when they choose products, even if we can devise a sensitive way to ask them directly. The Freudian perspective also raises the possibility that the ego relies on the symbolism in products to compromise between the demands of the id and the prohibitions of the superego. The person channels her unacceptable desire into acceptable outlets when she uses products that signify these underlying desires. This is the connection between product symbolism and motivation: The product stands for, or represents, a consumer’s true goal, which is socially unacceptable or unattainable. By acquiring the product, the person vicariously experiences the forbidden fruit. Phallic Symbols: are male-oriented symbolism that appeals to women. According to Freud’s idea the use of some objects that resemmble sex organs. For example: Cigars, trees, swords, buttons,trains and cars are look alike male sex organs. In addition to those mentioned, tunnels and button holes are symbolysed as female sex organs. Most Freudian applications in marketing relate to a product’s supposed sexual symbolism. For example owning a sports car for a man going through a mid-life crysis is a substitute for sexual gratification. Motivational Research: Motivational research borrowed Freudian ideas to understand the deeper meanings of products and advertisements. The approach assumed that we channel socially unacceptable needs into acceptable outlets including product substitutes. Motivational Research relies on depth interviews with individual consumers instead of asking many consumers a few general questions about product usage. Motivational Researcher probes deeply into each respondents’ purchase motivations. It might take several hours and the respondent can not immediately articulate his/her latent or underlying motives. The researcher can reach these only after extensive questioning and interpretation. Ernst Diechter was a psychoanalyst who trained with Freud’s disciples in Vienna. Dichter conducted in-depth interview studies on more than 230 products. There are both appeals and criticism associated with motivational research.